NIPAH VIRUS: EMERGING ZOONOTIC THREAT AND CHALLENGES FOR ONE HEALTH SURVEILLANCE

Abstract

The Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory infections as well as encephalitis. It was initially identified in Malaysia in the 1990s and is characterized by a high case fatality rate and significant potential to generate outbreaks with substantial public health impact. The present study aimed to compile scientific evidence regarding the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and surveillance strategies associated with this pathogen. To this end, a literature review was conducted based on scientific articles published between 2018 and 2026, available in academic databases. Since its identification, the virus has been responsible for recurrent outbreaks, highlighting its considerable adaptive potential. Its transmission dynamics involve direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food, and, in certain contexts, human-to-human transmission. Fruit bats act as natural reservoirs, playing a key role in maintaining the virus in the environment and facilitating the emergence of new outbreaks, particularly in scenarios involving environmental changes and increased human–animal interaction. The absence of specific treatments and effective vaccines represents one of the main challenges for controlling the infection. In this context, the importance of integrated epidemiological surveillance and the One Health approach is emphasized for the prevention, control, and response to potential outbreaks of the disease.